Edward Larsons Work Summer For The Gods - 1199 Words

Throughout United States history, Americans have always remain separated on certain issues. Edward Larson’s work Summer for the Gods exemplifies just how issues split the population. Larson uses the Scopes Trial of 1925 to demonstrate to the rivalry between modernists and traditionalists in the early 20th century. Charles Dawson discovered fossilized human bones known as the â€Å"Piltdown skull† and bridged a gap in history that seemed to confirm Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin s account of random variations, coupled with his survival-of-the-fittest selection process, posed a critical problem for many Christians who retained a teleological view of nature.† (Larson, 17) This threat to Christian spirituality sparked an anti-evolution movement in an attempt to revoke the teachings of evolution in public school systems. The Tennessee House of Representatives soon passed a statute making it illegal for any public school official to teach any theory that re jected the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible. The Scopes Trial would prove to be more than an argument between science and religion and the removal of textbook content. It was individual rights versus the right of majority rule, freedom of speech versus censorship, and evolution versus creationism. At the turn of the century, traditionalists were making an effort to combat the teachings of evolution. The anti-evolution movement originated for many reasons. First, as a response to new scientific evidence thatShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesBody of Knowledge (PMBOK). People at all levels in the organization assigned to work on projects will find the text useful not only in providing them with a rationale for the use of project management tools and techniques but also because of the insights they will gain on how to enhance their contributions to project success. Our emphasis is not only on how the management process works, but more importantly, on why it works. The concepts, principles, and techniques are universally applicable. That is

Stopping Terrorism Worldwide Essay - 953 Words

Can We Stop the Worldwide Disease-Terrorism? Terrorism, which has been around for as long as people can remember, has been on the rise for the past ten years. Terrorists usually use murdering, kidnapping, hi-jacking and bombings to achieve their political purpose. For instance, according to Wikipedia.com (2006), in 1985 816 deaths, then in 2003, more than 1,000 people died by terorist acts around the world. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new height and attacks are much more violent than in the past. Unfortunately, in spite of many anti-terror campaigns, projects and organizations are being created for prevention (to prevent) terrorism, the number of terrorists only is increasing. These days terrorism is all over the world.†¦show more content†¦For example, the Andijan Events, which happened in 2005. Many innocent people were killed during the terrorists attempt to take control over the government of (maybe in) Andijan. As the President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov said (Uzbek Nation Will Never Depend on Ot hers, 2005), the executors of that terror act were the members of, so-called, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Their primary goal was to set Caliphate in Uzbekistan, which would have made Uzbekistan an Islamic Republic and led to put dot in Uzbekistans development, especially in economy growth. Also, there are some other reasons for terrorist acts such as: hate towards a race, nationality, or religion. The following example contains all reasons listed above. Another international terror group Al-Qaeda, number one terror group with a multimillionaire leader Osama Ben Laden, carried out a terror attack in 2001, in USA. Referring to Wikipedia.com (2006), terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into World Trade Centre, in Manhattan. The other one crashed to US Pentagon, and fourth crashed in rural place in Pennsylvania. It took about 2,986 lives of innocent people, including 19 hijackers, and more than 40 000 people were injured. In both examples mentioned above, there are exact motivating factors. In both cases the motivating factors are ideology and religion. But there are also many other factors which make people become terrorists and take guns in their hands or blow themselvesShow MoreRelated War on Drugs is a Domestic Problem Essay620 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The new policy that the government has unfolded on the War on Drugs, has pointed the finger of responsibility toward stopping terrorism by stopping the individual drug users. Terrorism affects the entire world, and the United States has assumed a position at the spearhead to confront it. There is no way to actually stop terrorism, but one way to financially divert the problem is to stop the money from flowing to the organizations. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The War onRead MoreDetaining Suspected Terrorists1033 Words   |  4 Pagesrealized the tragedy and destruction caused by terrorism. Marwan Abu Ubcida, a terrorist in training, said, â€Å"Yes, I am a terrorist. Write that down: I admit I am a terrorist. [The Koran] says it is the duty of Muslims to bring terror to the enemy, so being a terrorist makes me a good Muslim.† That enemy happens to be anyone against what they believe. One such enemy meaning the US because we are against terrorism. There is no justification for terrorism and no reason for the government to try to justifyRead MoreThe Government Should Detain Suspected Terrorists Without Trial1036 Words   |  5 Pagesrealized the tragedy and destruction caused by terrorism. Marwan Abu Ubcida, a terrorist in training, said, â€Å"Yes, I am a terrorist. Write that down: I admit I am a terrorist. [The Koran] says it is the duty of Muslims to bring terror to the enemy, so being a terrorist make s me a good Muslim.†(Friedman) That enemy happens to be anyone against what they believe. One such enemy meaning the US because we are against terrorism. There is no justification for terrorism and no reason for the government to try toRead MoreInternational Union For Conservation Of Nature1488 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom all over the world that are currently losing its population due to poaching. This is a powerful tool that helps push the government to protect any threatened animal species, like the African Elephant, and most of the plant and animal wildlife worldwide. Blanc, J. a co-sponsors from the IUCN Red List states â€Å"The conservative decision is to accept a growth rate of greater than 1.53% per annum to help retain the African Elephant in the vulnerable category in this assessment† (IUCN Red List, par 10)Read MoreEssay on Terrorism1340 Words   |  6 Pages Terrorism is becoming more and more of a threat to Americans both at home and abroad. International terrorism happens when terrorism occurs out of our country. An example of an International terrorist is Osama bin Laden. Laden is the worlds most dangerous terrorist. Laden shows genocidal tendency by killing Americans through-out the world from the bombings of the World Trade Center to the embassy bombings in Africa. The African blasts killed more than 250 people. The FBI has been tracking him forRead MoreWar Is Not The Answer1294 Words   |  6 Pageswar on terrorism, started by the United States and its allied countries, have caused unnecessary bloodshed with immense repercussion. A looming threat of nuclear war is closer to a reality as the two sides clash, and the benefits coming from war are far few in between. America currently favors militarism, which has lead to the neglect of their own domestic needs in hopes to win this battle. War isn’t leading to any victory, itâ €™s simply an ineffective method in the attempt to stop terrorism. SteppingRead MoreGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 PagesIn some countries around the world drug trafficking does not have a zero tolerance policy against the crime. The reasons behind this may be attributed to the profiteering that occurs as a result, which is frustrating to law enforcement agencies worldwide. In order to contain the problems of drug trafficking, every country must agree to eradicate the substances to make the drugs, coca and poppy are two of the substances that can used to make the drugs Cocaine and Heroin. In addition, cannabis is usedRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pages currency, and trafficked persons which signifies an increasing threat to the prosperity, security, and quality of life to U.S. citizens at home and abroad. As we have seen with H1N1 influenza, the express worldwide spread of infectious diseases can produce great disruptions at home. Stopping these and further risks from threatening our nation has come to be essential to homeland security. The 2010 National Security Strategy states that homeland security is â€Å"a seamless coordination among federalRead MoreModernization Reform Aid Programs : A Stronger Powerful And Independent Business Sector1459 Words   |  6 Pageseradicate discrimination, terrorism, and human trafficking. Both countries being in this group shows that we are working towards similar goals as far as political and social issues are concerned. The United States should be involved in these aspects of Russia, because with more countries working towards these common goals, they are more likely to get accomplished (OSCE). Terrorism is, unfortunately a huge problem in the world today and even though I do not believe that terrorism will ever be fully eliminatedRead MoreA Brief Note On The United War On The Middle East And Southeast Asia Remains Unstable1503 Words   |  7 PagesPersonnel in Afghanistan The War on Terrorism in the Middle East and Southwest Asia remains problematic. Though there are many problems within the Middle East, the narcotics problem in Southwest Asia remains one of the largest to date. It has been much debatable as to how to proceed in the combating of Narcotics in Afghanistan. There are many debatable arguments for the quick pull out, of all private and U.S. contract personnel out of Afghanistan to realign the methods to attack on the narcotics

Negligent Tort Free Essays

Negligence is neglect or disregard. Tort is a legal misgiving. Negligent tort is a type of tort in the legal system. We will write a custom essay sample on Negligent Tort or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concept encompasses that of which an occasion where an individual’s â€Å"acts leading to injury are neither expected nor intended. † (Yell, 1999) In this paper, the elements of a negligent tort, the concepts of proximate causation and duty of care, and types of remedies for finding tort liability will be explored. Elements of Negligent Tort There are three elements of negligent tort. The first element is that of which the defendant had a responsibility of support and/or care to the plaintiff. For example when an individual puts a child in a car, they have a responsibility to secure them appropriately and drive applicably as to avoid any unnecessary dangers to the full extent of their capability (like not driving 120 mph). The second element is that the defendant did not complete this obligation. To continue with the previous example – once the individual takes the responsibility of transporting the child (with due reason that they will secure the child and drive reasonably) and fail to do so, this is the second part of finding negligent tort. The third element of this is â€Å"that this breach was the actual and proximate cause of injury experienced by the plaintiff. † (Barnes, Bowers, Langvardt, Mallor, 2010, p. 206) Proximate Cause Proximate causation â€Å"concerns the required degree of proximity or closeness between the defendant’s breach and the injury it actually caused. † (Barnes, Bowers, Langvardt, Mallor, 2010, p. 225) Proximate cause would mean that the reactions caused by a defendants actions may still not make the defendant 100% liable for what happens – only what can be directly correlated to his/her actions and leaving them free of indirect consequences. This action can also be used in insurance type cases. It has been discussed that if a professional driver has an accident, the company that employs him or her would be held liable for his/her accident under normal circumstances but if the driver was texting or drinking (both illegal) when the accident occurred, it could leave the company free from liability and it would fall on the driver. Remedies to Tort Liability Remedies to tort liability can be non-compensatory damages, compensatory damages, and injunctions, to name a few. Compensation or damages received should be in correspondence to the injuries received. Sometimes the conclusion can be as simple as fixing whatever was completely wrongly, for example if a dentist removed the wrong tooth, perhaps a remedy to the situation would be replacing it with a nice veneer replacement – as long as both parties are happy with that conclusion, that could be the end of it however in this day and age, rarely a civil case ends without some sort of compensatory award. Conclusion Negligent tort, along with duty of care, is a responsibility we all take on every day. When we drive, we promise to not drink, not text, and to follow the rules of the road. As citizens of the United States, we promise not to dump our extra oil in the grass, burn our tires, steal, or murder. We all have a responsibility to one another that when we promise to do something, we do it accordingly without any dangerous actions in completion of those promises. References Barnes, A. J., Bowers, T., Langvardt, A. W., Mallor, J. P. (2010). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment (14th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Yell, M. L. (1999, February). Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice. Retrieved December 19, 2010, from What are Tort Laws?: http://cecp.air.org/interact/authoronline/february99/2.htm#2 How to cite Negligent Tort, Papers

Anemia in Pregnancy

Question Discuss about theAnemia in Pregnancy. Answer: Introduction Erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow alongside a reduction in the mass of RBCs is normal during pregnancy. However, an unchecked increase in the volume of plasma results in dilution of blood (hemodilution) a condition referred to as hydremia of pregnancy (Balgir, 2015). Additionally, the percentage of red blood cells in the blood (HCT) also reduces the range of 38 and 45% in healthy women to about 34% during single pregnancies and 30% of instances of multifetal pregnancy (McClure et al., 2014). Iron deficiency is the single most common micronutrient deficiency in the world and a major cause of anemia. Anemia in pregnancy is therefore characterized by a hemoglobin count of 10g/DL and an HCT of 30%. The oxygen carrying capacity of the RBCs tends to remain normal despite hemodilution during pregnancy though (Esen, 2017). This paper presets anemia as a common health complication to most women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Most common causes are an iron deficiency and foliate d eficiency. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia accounts for up to 95% of cases of anemia in pregnancy. Also known as microcytic anemia it is caused by inadequate dietary intake of iron during pregnancy (Koura et al., 2012). Malabsorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract can also result in Iron deficiency anemia. Still, gastrointestinal tract surgery can result in blood loss leading anemia since 2ml of blood contains 1mg of iron. Normal recurrent loss of blood during menstruation also results in loss of iron given the amount of iron lost roughly approximates the amount that is ingested in a month, hence reducing the buildup of iron stores in the body. The clinical presentation of iron deficiency anemia includes but is not limited to, inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), inflammation of the lips(cheilitis), sensitivity to cold, weakness and fatigue. According to Kassebaum (2016), Iron Deficiency is the leading cause of anemia in pregnant women. The world is focusing on reducing cases of anemia among women of the reproductive age by 2025 as part of its nutritional target (World Health Organization, 2014). One in four pregnancies in Europe is affected by iron deficiency anemia (McLean et al., 2009 and Scholl, 2010). The world health organization estimates that in 2011, the prevalence of anemia stood at 38% among pregnant women. According to Stevens et al.,(2013). This figure translates to roughly 32 million women worldwide. Megaloblastic Anemia Also called macrocytic anemia, it is characterized by large RBCs which are fragile and easily destroyed. It is majorly attributed to two factors essential in the synthesis of red blood cells. Obse et al., (2013) contend that insufficient dietary intake of folic acid and cobalamin is the major risk factors for megaloblastic anemia. Cobalamin deficiency can result from a failure by the gastric mucosa to secrete intrinsic factors for the absorption of cobalamin from the GIT. Gastrointestinal surgery may also lead to the loss of intrinsic factor-secreting gastric mucosal cells. In some instances, hereditary defects in cobalamins utilization are also implicated. Folic acid deficiency, on the other hand, results majorly from poor dietary intake of folic acid. It can also result from malabsorption syndromes, drugs that inhibit folic acid absorption, alcohol abuse, and hemodialysis. These factors lead to a reduction in erythropoiesis. Scholl (2015) and Pavord et al., (2012) contend that with the decline in erythropoietic activity, iron stores are depleted, reduced and eventually depleted, resulting in anemia. Deficiencies in vitamin B 12 and folate still remain the leading cause of megaloblastic anemia since the consequence of ineffective hematopoiesis is major on RBCs as much as it affects other cell lines. According to Achebe et al., (2017) universal supplements such as folate and cobalamins are vital in care of mothers with megaloblastic anemia Options of care, collaboration, and consultation with other health providers There is a need for collaborative approach by all heath care providers right from the clinician or doctor, to the laboratory personnel where the diagnosis is done to the nurses who implement the care and treatment plan. Key among these is the diagnosis. Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia Bone marrow aspirate staining is the gold standard for defining iron deficiency anemia. The bone marrow aspirate is then viewed under a microscope; the absence of staining on the field demonstrates a lack of iron for erythropoietic activity. Gale et al., (1963). This approach, however, has a disadvantage of being intrusive so it cannot be applied to routine practice. The use of different biomarkers other than this provides a better alternative for determining iron status. According to Pavord et al., (2012) serum levels of ferritin are the most reliable method. As a routine, therefore, Iron deficiency anemia is diagnosed by measuring the levels of iron, ferritin, and transferrin in the serum. It is usually characterized by an HCT of 30% and an MCV 79fL. Decreased levels of iron and ferritin in the serum and increased levels of transferrin in the serum is a confirmatory diagnosis Diagnosis of Megaloblastic anemia A complete blood count and a peripheral smear form the basis for diagnosis. The peripheral smear usually shows anisocytosis and poikilocytosis- characteristic of, macrocytic anemia and enlarged oval RBCs (macro-ovalocytes). Reticulocytopenia and neutrophils with hyper segmentations also indicate megaloblastic anemia. Definitive diagnosis, however, carried out by the measurement of folate in serum. A Complete Blood Count that shows anemia with indices consistent with macrocytic anemia or high red blood cells distribution width(RDW) usually indicates folate deficiency. The confirmatory diagnosis is low levels of folate in the serum. Anemia Associated Risks in Pregnancy Perinatal and maternal outcomes can potentially worsen if hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease, -thalassemia, and Hemoglobin S-C Disease are not detected and treated. Fetuses which are chronically exposed to iron deficiency anemia are likely to be born underweight (Lone et al., 2004) due to effects on fetal intrauterine growth Gaillard et al., (2014). Preexisting sickle cell anemia increases the maternal susceptibility to infections majorly pneumonia, inflammation of the endometrium (endometritis) and UTIs (Urinary tract infections). The leading cause of maternal death in the UK is maternal sepsis, affecting 5 in 10000 pregnancies. It may also predispose the mother to conditions such as pulmonary infarction heart failure and pregnancy-induced hypertension. It has also been determined to result in restriction of fetal growth and preterm delivery. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was also the most common cause of anemia-related disability in 2013 (Kassebaum, 2016) contends that the leading cause of anemia related disability in 2013 was iron deficiency anemia. (Cantwell et al., 2011) also, contends that the risk of maternal mortality secondary to hemorrhage is increased in mothers with iron deficiency anemia. The severity of most anemia cases also tends to increase with the progression of the pregnancy hence posing serious health risks to both mother and fetus. Although the risk of UTIs is increased in mothers with sickle cell trait it is not commonly implicated in severe pregnancy-related complications. Hb S-C disease may also present during pregnancy. With it comes increased the risk of pulmonary infarction due to occasional embolization of the bony spicule. Fetal effects are less common but when present may include restriction of fetal growth.-Thalassemia is not likely to cause maternal morbidity but results in fetal death if the fetus is homozygous for -Thalassemia. The fetus is not likely to make it beyond the early third semester. According to Congdon et al., (2012), cognitive development and growth can suffer long term impairments among infants that are in-utero exposed to iron deficiency anemia. Beck et al., (2010) argue that chronic fetal exposure to iron deficiency anemia could potentially increase the risk of pre-term delivery by up to double. This makes detection and treatment of iron deficiency anemia a top priority for policymakers and healthcare providers globally (World Health Organization, 2011). Intrapartum Management of Mother and Initial Care of Child Intrapartum Management of the Mother Adequate dietary intake of iron and iron supplementation through medicines is the principle prevention mechanism for iron deficiency in pregnant mothers. All pregnant mothers need to be started on aloe oral dose of about 30 mg/day of iron supplementing drugs (Masukume et al., 2015). It is also vital to integrated iron rich foods like beef and selected vegetables from the onset of pregnancy as well foods that enhance the absorption of iron. Pregnant mothers also need to be screened for iron deficiency anemia in good time if they are from populations that are at high risk of iron deficiency (Nguyen et al., 2016). In such populations, higher doses of iron supplement such as 60-100 mg per day may help achieve prophylaxis against iron deficiency anemia. If a pregnant mother is confirmed to have iron deficiency anemia by diagnosis, the treatment regimen is quite similar to iron deficiency in postpartum mothers, non-pregnant women, postmenopausal or premenopausal women (Pavord et al., 2012). The marked difference is the t they are administered with additional iron together with a combination of prenatal vitamins. Dietary counseling is also recommended. Another course that is recommended is taking a measurement of the Complete Blood Count consistently to monitor the iron levels in the hemoglobin of the pregnant mother (Onyeneho et al., 2016). According to the Center for Disease Control, screening of the mother during the first prenatal visit is essential. The IOM recommends that mothers from high-risk populations be screened at the beginning of every trimester and postpartum for one to one and a half months. While universal supplementation of iron is recommended by both the CDC and the WHO, the American Department of Defense decries th e lack of sufficient evidence to support the same (Daru et al., 2015). Studies reveal that the supplementation of iron for pregnant mothers before depletion of iron stores which has become a common practice among clinicians may also be implicated in severe fetal and maternal health outcome (Congdon et al., 2012 and Siu, 2015). Initial Care of the Newborn According to Koura et al., (2012), infant anemia correlates with maternal anemia. The potential of delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord has been found to have potential to improve the iron levels in infants born at complete term. Also, it is beneficial for improving the hematocrit levels in infants born to anemic mothers. Although this comes along with a possible increase in the risk of hyperbilirubinaemia by about 12% studies reveal that it is rarely ever as serious as to require exchange transfusion or phototherapy-making it safe to apply (Gebreamlak, Dadi, Atnafu, 2017). The study revealed that delaying cord clamping has the effect of raising the concentration of hemoglobin especially in infants born to anemic mothers at ages between 2-3 months and lowers the risk of developing anemia for the infant. This practice may be especially beneficial to countries where tea is high occurrences of fetal anemia. Follow-up Care and Considerations for Future Pregnancies It may be important for mothers to continue taking prenatal vitamins inclusive of iron supplements during breastfeeding in order to reduce the risk of postpartum anemia. According to Oppenheimer (2012), postpartum screening is essential for monitoring of iron and hemoglobin status even post- delivery. According to WHO a hemoglobin level10.5g/dl and HCT32% would be an indication of anemia even postpartum. McClure et al., (2014) also denote that postpartum anemia is a leading cause of postnatal depression and depression in last trimester Yilmaz et al., (2017), which could adversely affect the emotional wellbeing of the mother and the child as well. Other adverse effects associated with postpartum anemia include fatigue and exhaustion beyond the expected normal, insufficient milk syndrome and poor quality of milk (Christides et al., 2016). Also important is to increase dietary intake of foods rich in iron after delivery. Although this may take a longer time to achieve desired iron levels as compared to taking iron supplements, iron is still better absorbed by the body from dietary sources in the GIT (Obse, Mossie, Gobena, 2013). The bioavailability of iron from supplement sources is less than that absorbed from dietary sources (Sharp, 2015). When designing a care plan for a postpartum mother who had intrapartum iron deficiency anemia, it is critical to ensure the iron levels remain up. Given the fact that delivery itself is associated with a lot of blood loss, such a mother must be screened to find out if she is in need of a blood transfusion to forestall a fall in hemoglobin. Conclusion As covered in this paper, anemia in pregnancy affects 5 in every 10000 pregnant women totaling to about 32 million women globally. For this reason, the world health organization intends to cut by half the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among women of reproductive age (which accounts for up to 98% of all cases of anemia in pregnancy) by the year 2025.Understanding the etiology and clinical presentation of iron deficiency anemia is critical for both clinicians and health policy makers alike if this target is to be achieved. There is also need for more research into the benefits and adverse effects of the use of iron supplements for mothers on maternal and fetal health if real strides are to be made towards this same goal. References Achebe, M. M., Gafter-Gvili, A. (2017). How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood, 129(8), 940-949. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-672246 Balgir, R. S. (2015). Prevalence of hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinopathies among the pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in central India. Thalassemia Reports, 5(1), 16-20. doi:10.4081/thal.2015.464 Bayesian Statistical Modelling 2nd edition by P. CONGDON. (2007). Biometrics, 63(3), 976-977. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00856_12.x Christides, T., Wray, D., McBride, R., Fairweather, R., Sharp, P. (2015). Iron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements. European Journal Of Nutrition, 54(8), 1345-1352. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0815-8 Daru, J., Moores, R., Dodds, J., Rayment, J., Allard, S., Khan, K. S. (2015). Non-anaemic iron deficiency in pregnancy: the views of health service users and health care professionals. Transfusion Medicine, 25(1), 27-32. doi:10.1111/tme.12184 Gaillard, R., Eilers, P. C., Yassine, S., Hofman, A., Steegers, E. P., Jaddoe, V. V. (2014). Risk Factors and Consequences of Maternal Anaemia and Elevated Haemoglobin Levels during Pregnancy: a Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiology, 28(3), 213-226. doi:10.1111/ppe.12112 Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (Book Review).(2000). American Libraries, 31(5), 63. Kassebaum, N. J., Lozano, R., Lim, S. S., Murray, C. J. (2017).Setting maternal mortality targets for the SDGs--reply. Lancet, 389(10070), 697-698. Masukume, G., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., Baker, P. N., Nelson, G., null, n. (2015). Risk Factors and Birth Outcomes of Anaemia in Early Pregnancy in a Nulliparous Cohort.Plos ONE, 10(4), 1-15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122729 Nguyen, P. H., Young, M., Gonzalez-Casanova, I., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, H., Truong, T. V., ... Ramakrishnan, U. (2016). Impact of Preconception Micronutrient Supplementation on Anemia and Iron Status during Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Vietnam. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167416 Onyeneho, N. G., I'Aronu, N., Chukwu, N., Agbawodikeizu, U. P., Chalupowski, M., Subramanian, S. V. (2016). Factors associated with compliance to recommended micronutrients uptake for prevention of anemia during pregnancy in urban, peri-urban, and rural communities in Southeast Nigeria. Journal Of Health, Population Nutrition, 351-17. doi:10.1186/s41043-016-0068-7 Pavord, S., Myers, B., Robinson, S., Allard, S., Strong, J., Oppenheimer, C. (2012).UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. British Journal OfHaematology, 156(5), 588-600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09012.x Gebreamlak, B., Dadi, A. F., Atnafu, A. (2017). High Adherence to Iron/Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy Time among Antenatal and Postnatal Care Attendant Mothers in Governmental Health Centers in AkakiKality Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Hierarchical Negative Binomial Poisson Regression. Plos ONE, 12(1), 1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169415 McClure, E. M., Meshnick, S. R., Mungai, P., Malhotra, I., King, C. L., Goldenberg, R. L., ... Dent, A. E. (2014). The Association of Parasitic Infections in Pregnancy and Maternal and Fetal Anemia: A Cohort Study in Coastal Kenya. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(2), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002724 Obse, N., Mossie, A., Gobena, T. (2013). MAGNITUDE OF ANEMIA AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE IN SHALLA WOREDA, WEST ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA. Ethiopian Journal Of Health Sciences, 23(2), 165-173. Y?lmaz, E., Y?lmaz, Z., akmak, B., Gltekin, ?. B., ekmez, Y., Mahmuto?lu, S., ... Kkzkan, T. (2017).Relationship between anemia and depressive mood in the last trimester of pregnancy. Journal Of Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 30(8), 977-982. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1194389 Esen, U. I. (2017). Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: The role of parenteral iron. Journal Of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 37(1), 15-18. doi:10.1080/01443615.2016.1180505 Koura, G. K., Ouedraogo, S., Le Port, A., Watier, L., Cottrell, G., Guerra, J., ... Garcia, A. (2012). Anaemia during pregnancy: impact on birth outcome and infant haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life. Tropical Medicine International Health, 17(3), 283-291. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02932.x

Teenage Depression Essays - Depression, Abnormal Psychology

Teenage Depression Teenage depression is a growing problem in today's society and is often a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. The statistics about teenage runaways, alcoholism, drug problems, pregnancy, eating disorders, and suicide are alarming. Even more startling are the individual stories behind these statistics because the young people involved come from all communities, all economic levels, all home situations-anyone's family. The common link is often depression. For the individuals experiencing this crisis, the statistics become relatively meaningless. The difficult passage into adolescence and early adulthood can leave lasting scars on the lives and psyches of an entire generation of young men and women. There is growing realization that teenage depression can be life- changing, even life-threatening. (McCoy 21) Depression is a murky pool of feelings and actions scientists have been trying to understand since the days of Hippocrates, who called it a "black bile." It has been called "the common cold of mental illness and, like the cold, it's difficult to quantify." (Arbetter 1) If feelings of great sadness or agitation last for much more than two weeks, it may be depression. For a long time, people who were feeling depressed were told to "snap out of it." According to a study done by National Institute of Mental Health, half of all Americans still view depression as a personal weakness or character flaw. Depression, however, is considered a medical disorder and can affect thoughts, feelings, physical health, and behaviors. It interferes with daily life such as school, friends, and family. "Clinical depression is the most incapacitating of all chronic conditions in terms of social functioning." (Salmans 11-12) Teenagers have always been vulnerable to depression for a variety of reasons. It's a confusing time of life because a teen's body is changing along with their relationships. "Teenagers constantly vacillate between strivings for independence from family and regressions to childish dependence on it." (Elkind 89) But today's teens face an additional challenge: They're growing up in a world quite different from that of their parent's youth. Adolescents today are faced with stresses that were unknown to previous generations and are dealing with them in an often self-destructive way. Contemporary society has changed the perception of teenagers. New parental lifestyles, combined with changes in the economy, often give less time and energy for parents to devote to their offspring. Society all too often views teens for what they can be instead of for who they are. Who they are becomes the identity of teenagers today. "They are confronted with the ambiguity of education, the dis! solution of family, the hostile commercialism of society, and the insecurity of relationships." (McCoy 16) This identity is fragile and is threatened by fears of rejection, feelings of failure, and of being different. These young people face stress in school as well with resources dwindling and campus violence and harassment increasing. Their sexual awakening comes in the age of AIDS, when sex can kill. In summary, teens today feel less safe, less empowered and less hopeful than we did a generation ago. Depression is a common concomitant to this struggle. (McCoy 36) It strikes 5% of teens and about 2% of children under 12. One in three adolescents in the nineties is at risk for serious depression. (Stern 28) Depression is the result of a complex mix of social, psychological, physical, and environmental factors. Teens with depressed parents are two to three times more likely to develop major depression. Genetic factors play a substantial but not overwhelming role in causing depression. (Dowling 37) Some type of significant loss can be a factor in triggering teenage depression. Loss can be due to death, divorce, separation, or loss of a family member, important friend or romantic interest. Loss can also be more subtle such as the loss of childhood, of a familiar way of being, of goals through achievement, or of boundaries and guidelines. (McCoy 46-48) Gender differences are becoming apparent, with girls having more difficulty with depression. Studies show girls are three times more likely than boys to suffer depression. A university study showed a close link between depression and negative body image and girls are usually more self-conscious about their bodies than boys. (Sol! in 157) The reasons for depression

Impact of Internet on Company Operations

Impact of Internet on Company Operations Introduction Commercial use of the Internet and the World Wide Web is expanding at an astounding rate (Barnes Hunt 2012). As we move into the twenty-first century, the number of people using online services continues to grow. The same applies to the number of Web hosts. From a business perspective, nearly 90 per cent of all corporations now maintain a Web presence (Mills Law 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Internet on Company Operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hundreds of thousands of companies have begun exploiting the commercial potential of the Web and the market has evolved into a multi billion dollar economy. In all these, the Web has proved to be the catalyst responsible for launching the Internet into commerce (Barnes Hunt 2012). Evidence clearly indicates that in many areas, the Internet is having a positive impact on business competitiveness and profitability (Khosrow-Pour 2006, p. 954). So much attention is being paid to how the Internet is changing business, corporate relations, education, and work. This paper looks at how the Internet is impacting business operations, with specific reference to CPR Works which is an owner managed public relations company based in Birmingham, UK. Defining the Internet The Internet is a global network of interlinked computers operating on a standard protocol that allows information exchange. It is made up of computer networks, and individual computers throughout the world connected by phone lines, satellites and other telecommunication systems (Mà ¼ller 2011, p. 3). The original users of the Internet were researchers in the government and universities. Full commercial connection to the Internet only became available in the year 1990. The most popular early commercial activities on the Internet were email, advertising, and promotion. Until the mid 1990s, applications were mostly text based and marketing involved sending pl ain text messages (Mà ¼ller 2011, p. 5). However, the introduction of the World Wide Web completely changed things.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The adoption of the Internet has been fastest in countries with high gross domestic products and in countries where English is the first language or a widely spoken second language. Impact of Internet on Business Operations in General The Internet and related technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity for firms to benefit from the ability to gather information, promote their operations, and offer improved services to customers (Fletcher et al. 2004). A number of possible effects of the Internet on the marketing environment suggest that firms will experience fewer barriers to achieve efficiency. The impacts of the Internet include reduced importance of economies of scale, lower marketing communications costs, great er price standardization, and reduced information float time, increased contact between buyers and sellers, and changes in intermediary relationships (Fletcher et al. 2004). When it comes to search costs, the Internet increases the amount of information available to both buyers and sellers, and makes information available in a convenient and timely manner (Suder 2004, p.7). As far as contracting costs are concerned, the Internet makes it easier to compare ad negotiate prices and other terms, and to keep in touch with and monitor the performance of partners in business relationships (Mills Law 2005). Regarding coordination costs, the Internet generally reduces the costs of sharing information, and can automate and integrate many business processes. Because of these changes, the boundary between a firm and its environment is changing drastically. Markets are becoming more efficient and agile and firms must become more flexible and responsive to compete with a more dynamic market for exchange. Managers must increasingly deal with exchanges in the market place over which they have little control, rather than between subsidiaries, units, and employees over which they have administrative authority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Internet on Company Operations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is, therefore, quite obvious that Internet and related technologies are strong agents of change. If a firm in a value chain starts doing business electronically, soon companies up and down the chain must follow suit and start using similar technologies or risk substitution in the activities of the chain. As a marketing channel, the Internet has a number of activities. First, the Internet has an ability to inexpensively store vast amounts of information at different virtual locations. Second, it offers a powerful and inexpensive means of searching, organizing and disseminating such information. Thi rd, it offers interactivity and the ability to provide information on demand. Fourth, it guarantees a firm the ability to provide perceptual experiences superior to those from the printed catalogue. The Internet can also serve as a physical distribution medium for certain goods such as software. It is also associated with relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers (Suder 2004, p.14). Generally, the Internet is both a communications and marketing intelligence tool. As a communications tools, it can help to build and maintain effective communications with customers, distributors, and suppliers. The Internet facilitates this by providing a low cost method of communication with people locally or abroad. Besides transmitting in text form, the Internet can also transfer graphics and drawings at very high speed. Through the support offered by electronic communications, firms are now able to communicate quite smoothly and very cheaply, unlike in the past. It is thus obvious th at firms that are not prepared to embrace technology are in danger of being left behind. In terms of advertising and promotion, the Internet is an effective medium because people wherever they are can receive messages as they are transmitted. The information processing ability of the Internet is a market intelligence tool that acts as a link between firms and the external environment in which they operate. Effective management of information systems can be a powerful source of competitive advantage and the use of Internet for marketing intelligence enables firms to access information about the market with higher speed and at lower cost. Search engines and electronic surveys also provide useful tools for obtaining information about different markets locally or internationally. Firms that are interested in Internet marketing can access a variety of international information sources such as online newspapers and journals, country and industry market research reports, trade lists of sup pliers, agents and distributors as well as government contacts.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Industry Level Impacts According to Wallace (2004, p. 19), Internet technology may be used as a mechanism to facilitate an industry wide set of objectives. Developments in the UK accounting profession are a very good example of this. Although the primary use of the Internet within an organization is to communicate and access whatever information is needed, it may also be used to link collaborating organizations and ensure that they are able to work as a unit for their benefit and for the benefit of partners. However, on the other side of the coin, the market positions of some players may be strengthened, leading to improved market share (Wallace 2004, p. 21). Apart from the effects of the Internet mentioned above, it is also possible to come across other effects that may not be obvious. In general, a firm that uses the Internet is regarded by stake holders as being inventive and ambitious. The stake holders include customers, competitors, employees, and government. To clearly unders tand how the Internet impacts the industry, it is absolutely necessary to isolate interior and exterior impacts. Ordinarily, one will find that issues that are encountered differ from one firm to another significantly. The following sub section takes a look at how the Internet has revolutionized the operations at CPR Works. Background Information on CPR Works CPR Works was formed as a limited company in December 1994 and currently, the company has a turnover of slightly less that  £200,000 per annum (Barnes Hunt 2012). The company provides a public relations service to the heating and energy industries. CPR Works currently employs three full time staff members and sub-contracts any additional work to freelancers. The company uses two personal computers in its office premises, and the managing director uses a third personal computer at home. Since its inception, the company has been using computers to facilitate its business operations. Initially, the computers were introduced to enable CPR Works handle simple computer based operations such as word processing and management of access databases. A few years later, CPR Works managed to secure a leased line Internet service. Today, CPR has email, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Web, and Usenet facilities. Usually, the Internet service provider (ISP) charges CPR Works a small fee to maintain the Internet connection and ensure that all is well. Recently, the ISP provided CPR with a dedicated connection for some of its staff to operate away from the office. The Impact of the Internet on CPR’s Operations In terms of the model of Internet impacts, CPR Works demonstrated the following important developments: Communication The benefits of networking communications have been significant. In environments where operations are time bound, a slight improvement in communication is very quite critical. The outcome of these technological changes has brought a radical transformation to the entire communication system at C PR Works. One notable change has been the increased processing speed. With the kind of technology present at CPR, the firm is able to communicate much more quickly and at reduced costs. The presence of email and Usenet facilities implies that staff members can comfortably stay in touch with the organization from wherever they are. Once again, execution time is lessened and both CPR and its customers are a satisfied lot. Compared to operating without an Internet facility, the cost of managing an Internet connection through an ISP is negligible. CPR Works, therefore, stands to benefit greatly from the improved communication services. Customers are now able to contact staff members through email and Web based services such as Usenet. Obviously, the high level of availability and accessibility has resulted in outstanding services being offered to customers. Today, CPR Works enjoys the benefits of an efficient email communication system that enables it to stay in touch with customers, be sides guaranteeing smooth communication among staff members. Through effective use of the services provided by the Internet, CPR Works has also been able to improve its customer relations and this has led to repeat business from these customers. CPR Works uses mostly Microsoft Outlook for email communications, but employees are free to use any other email program. Some employees have, therefore, chosen to use Gmail, Yahoo mail, Hotmail, and other email based programs. To surf the Web, employees use various Web browsers. CPR Works prefers Internet Explorer, but staff members are also free to use other web browsers like Mozilla, Opera, Google Chrome to name but a few. Although these browsers generally function in a similar way, they tend to differ in terms of speed, security and other additional features that boost performance. Information Retrieval Through the use of Internet services, CPR Works can now easily monitor the activities of both its partners and clients. The Internet also enables CPR Works to monitor the activities of rival firms and to respond appropriately in retaliation. However, staff members are often concerned about the fact that they can not find time to sit at their computers as frequently as they would like to. With the help of technology, CPR Works is now able to securely store its data. This includes maintaining back up copies just in case a disaster occurs. The firm is able to facilitate easy retrieval of information using well designed databases. This easy retrieval of information eventually translates into speedy processing and improved business performance. With a working database in place, CPR is can interact more frequently with customers and partners. Interestingly, most of the interaction takes place through web based applications. More than anything else, the web based applications have played a big role in helping to lock in customers. Like other companies that use databases, CPR Works will need to improve its performance by pur chasing and configuring a database server to be used to service requests from client machines. The said client machines may be internal or external to the firm. Knowledge Management Increasingly, firms are realizing that besides capital, labor, and land, knowledge is also very critical to the success of business operations. Intellectual property is a synonym used to refer to knowledge management. Typically, knowledge is classified as tacit or explicit. Tacit knowledge exists within individuals and can not be easily reduced to the digital domain (Ian 2009, p. 9). Explicit knowledge on he other hand, can be recorded digitally in various forms. Some factors to consider in knowledge management include sharing of best practices, globalization, handling rapid change, dealing with down sizing, effective management of information and communication overload, embedding knowledge in products, and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. By ensuring that best practices are freely shared, CPR is able to create a learning environment, and less skilled employees can get an opportunity to learn from the highly skilled staff members in the firm. This becomes particularly useful as the firm continues to expand in size. It is, however, necessary for CPR to put in place a scheme to motivate staff to share with colleagues what they are able to do effectively. Well managed knowledge will certainly create an opportunity for the research and development team at CPR to make available their research reports regarding the global business environment (Ian 2009, p. 12). This information can later be used to formulate effective marketing strategies. Usually, when an organization downsizes, it stands the risk of losing the best talent. Effective knowledge management is one way of ensuring that an organization maintains its knowledge even when an important employee leaves. Effective knowledge management will enable CPR to capture all the critical knowledge that resides within people an d put it in a digital form, ready to be accessed and used by other staff who are authorized to do so. It may be necessary to also ensure that such information is properly backed up and put in safe custody. With a good knowledge management system, CPR Works will also be able to stay ahead of its competitors. The firm will gain ideas regarding the market situations and what competitors are doing to get to succeed. With such information at its disposal, CPR will be able to device strategies that will allow it to take advantage of any available opportunities to defeat competitors. For a very long time, CPR was not able to place its knowledge in a digital form in order to facilitate easy access. Part of this is proper tracking of CPR Works’ relationships with its clients. With the new technological developments in the firm, however, it has now become possible to get this done. As has been highlighted above, effective knowledge management is very critical to the success of business operations and results to improved efficiency in different parts of the organization. Productivity By having information stored in a digital form, manipulation is simplified and CPR Works can utilize the information in numerous situations. This tremendously improves the response time of CPR Works’ campaigns. The fact that the information exists in a digital form also means that the same information may be used more than once to meet different needs. With Internet services in place, CPR’s marketing can now happen in a less stressful way (Daft 2000, p. 5). It is now also possible for CPR Works to receive details from clients in a much easier and faster way. Similarly, clients are able to get whatever information they need from the company quite speedily. In the past, clients would have to fax information to the company and the company would do the same in reply. Today, however, communications have tremendously been improved (Daft 2000, p. 7). To further strengthen its o perations, CPR should invest in effective electronic systems. With such systems in place, CPR will be in a better position to motivate all employees who will in turn ensure that delivery meets the standards expected by clients. A positive change in the level of productivity at CPR Works will immediately translate into improved profits, and a satisfied team of customers. Environment In most cases, change always meets with resistance. Employees often worry about the repercussions of the new developments. In the case of CPR Works, there have been considerable changes in the organization. Nevertheless, every employee was prepared, and the firm had already made all the technology purchases necessary to create the entry level environment for the new technology (Bak Stair 2011). Everyone within the organization is more focused on improving customer service. Although CPR Works already had much of the hardware needed for it to take advantage of what the Internet had to offer, there were oth er requirements that the company still had to provide and these had to come at a price. Generally, the increased use of the Internet has compelled employees to turn to the use of information technology. As a result, the business is now exposed to new risks that are technologically related. However, everyone is excited about using the new technology. Importantly, the company is changing the way it assesses data (Bak Stair 2011). This clearly represents a fundamental change to the internal environment. In the past data was received in whatever form, often by fax, and then manually input to spreadsheets for analysis. Now, data and processes are seen as dynamic and automated processes mean that minimal data entry is used. Conclusion Clearly, the Internet has had a significant impact on the CPR’s business contacts as well as its operations in general. All stake holders in the business environment have been impacted by the business in one way or another. In general, the Internet p resents a new platform for interacting with suppliers, customers, and partners. Using the Internet, a firm such as CPR will be able to access a much wider market that could extend beyond the borders. By and large, the greatest impact of the Internet on the way firms operate has been improved communication. Organization level Internet related impacts are also common. To a great extent, most of the impacts of the Internet on business operations have benefited many organizations. Ordinarily, no major change is expected within organizations since most of them have been using information technology for the longest. However, most of these organizations were forced to change in one way or another due to the onset of Internet. For most organizations, the Internet is a critical instrument that can be used to facilitate both individual and organizational growth. Although there are some negative impacts that have been associated with using the Internet, it has been beneficial to the business w orld in general. Reference List Bak, O Stair, N 2011, Impact of E-Business Technologies on Public and Private Organizations: Industry Comparisons and Perspectives, Idea Group Inc (IGI), Hershey, PA. Barnes, S Hunt, B 2012, E-Commerce and V-Business, CRC Press, Woburn, MA. Daft, RL Marcic, D 2010, Understanding Management, Cengage Learning, Bedford Row, London. Fletcher, R, Bell, J, McNaughton, R, McNaughton, RB 2004, International E-Business Marketing, Cengage Learning EMEA, Bedford Row, London. Ian, S 2009, Online Banking and the role of CRM: The impact of the internet as online business platform on CRM (Study of Online banking in the UK), GRIN Verlag, Norderstedt, Germany. Khosrow-Pour, M 2006, Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management: 2006 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, Washington, DC, USA, May 21-24, 2006, Volume 1, Idea Group Inc (IGI), Hershey, PA. Mills, JE Law, R 2005, Handbook of Consumer Behavior, Touri sm, and the Internet, Routledge, Binghamton, NY. Mà ¼ller, C 2011, The Impact of the Internet and Social Media on the Hotel Industry: How the Internet and Social Media have changed the Way Hotels Need to operate if they are to succeed in Todays Dynamic and Global Markets, GRIN Verlag, Norderstedt, Germany. Suder, GGS 2004, Terrorism and the International Business Environment: The Security-Business Nexus, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, MA. Wallace, P 2004, The Internet in the Workplace: How New Technology is Transforming Work, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film Industry Research Paper

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film Industry - Research Paper Example In addition, the area of study presents various facets engrossing diverse techniques under the discipline of films popular, among many people. One such, the paper intends to exploit is matte painting, which make use of visual effects in live action of films. Data analysis succeeds data extraction, a process, which helps in generation of efficient data used to prove various phenomena. Visual effects data analysis, for instance, relies on heavy aggregation of data revolving around its effects on the film industry. This should include pro and cons of the effects as this forms a potential area of study (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). At times, data analysis take the form of exploratory statistics, confirmatory data analysis (CDA) as well as exploratory data analysis; however the paper attempts to incorporate all the three approaches in answering various questions, which arise since the invention of visual effects (Livingstone, 2004). Despite relying of existent data, the paper will also make use of predictive data including unstructured data, to help in understanding various changes visual effects have dame in the film industry. In the contrary, various distinctions and confusions, which arise due to confusion of effects of visual effects, will be a priority as this is indispensable in understanding various data. ... This is because there are various numerical tools including MHD equilibria codes, which provide isometric bicuspid reports (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). On the other hand, Phoenix as a numerical tool uses poloidal-rotating equilibria to reckon the entire deal of gyratory spectrum. This is, therefore, a critical question in coming up with a competent data analysis strategy, which gives proficient results. With a decision on the best numerical toll, the soft ware package becomes an area of concern, as current data analysis methods employ software, depending on the requirements. Matte painting for instance uses diverse software to arrive at the final product. In the paper, a soft ware, which producers necessary statistics gets given priority as the paper, is not in need of complicated data. For example, software, which can produce graphs and charts, will be highly useful in the paper. Last but importantly, before one conducts a data analysis, one should be able to answer the question, what re sources are available? The resources include relevant books to the area of study as well as other internet sources, which might serve well in providing sufficient information useful in accomplishing the task (Livingstone, 2004). Mattes are distinct photography, which make use of visual effects to combine various image elements and come up with single or final images. The images are tremendously useful in the film industry where producers combine mattes at for ground, middle ground and background to come up with attractive films. In order to come up with films portraying sensitivity, mattes get used as visual effects, where scenic vista combines the imagery at different scenes. In order to come up with proficient films, the principle of mattes requires